NAU 330 Meteorology

SIFT is an updated approach to understanding online information, with actions you can take to reveal the difference between misinformation and the real thing. 

STOP: We all take in information on auto-pilot. Stopping to think about the information you come across is the necessary first step in being able to SIFT what you find.

INVESTIGATE the source: Look into the people and organizations responsible for information, using user profiles and Wikipedia.

FIND better coverage: Do a general news search for your topic, so you can look at the conversation as a whole and figure out if what you’re seeing is an outlier.

TRACE to the source:First check the date, then identify if your information comes from an original source that’s different from where you found it. Does the description match what the original actually says?

To walk through the process, visit Mike Caulfield's Infodemic blog.

Definitions (adapted from Pennycook & Rand 2021)

Algorithm:

Steps or calculations performed by a computer under a given set of rules to solve a problem or complete a task. In the context of social media, algorithms are used to determine what content users see. In the context of searching, algorithms determine which results users see and how they are prioritized. The public usually doesn't know what an algorithm prioritizes, or whether it is effective.

Disinformation:

Information that is false or inaccurate, and that was created with a deliberate intention to mislead people. 

Fake news: 

News content published on the internet that aesthetically resembles actual legitimate mainstream news content, but that is fabricated or extremely inaccurate. Also referred to as false, junk, or fabricated news. 

Hyperpartisan news:

News content that is not entirely fabricated, but which covers events that actually occurred with a strong partisan bias. As a result, hyperpartisan news is typically misleading, and we therefore include it as a form of misinformation. 

Misinformation:

Information that is false, inaccurate, or misleading. Unlike disinformation, misinformation does not necessarily need to be created deliberately to mislead. Misinformation is sometimes used to refer exclusively to inaccuracies that are accidental; however, because it is difficult to ascertain the intentions of the unknown individuals who create falsehoods that spread on the internet, we use misinformation as a broader umbrella term here (i.e., much of the content used in the studies we discuss could be classified as disinformation and/or hyperpartisan news and/or propaganda, etc.). 

Yellow journalism: 

Content from newspapers, magazines, or websites that is poorly researched and sensationalist, and that is created with the goal of increasing sales or, on the internet, clicks. Roughly equivalent to tabloid journalism. 

Caulfield, Mike. Sifting Through the Coronavirus Pandemic. Infodemic Blog. https://infodemic.blog/

Alba, D., & Frenkel, S. (2021, August 27). Calls grow to discipline doctors spreading virus misinformation. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/27/technology/doctors-virus-misinformation.html

Bull, A. C., MacMillan, M., & Head, A. J. (2021). Dismantling the Evaluation Framework. In the Library with the Lead Pipe. https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/2021/dismantling-evaluation

Pennycook, G., Epstein, Z., Mosleh, M., Arechar, A. A., Eckles, D., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online. Nature, 592(7855), 590–595. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03344-2

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). The psychology of fake news. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(5), 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007

Wineburg, S., & McGrew, S. (2017). Lateral Reading: Reading Less and Learning More When Evaluating Digital Information (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3048994). Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3048994

Wineburg, S., Breakstone, J., Ziv, N., & Smith, M. (2020). Educating for Misunderstanding: How Approaches to Teaching Digital Literacy Make Students Susceptible to Scammers, Rogues, Bad Actors, and Hate Mongers. Working Paper A-21322, Stanford History Education Group. https://purl.stanford.edu/mf412bt5333.